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On the Cover Shown on the cover is an assemblage of Old Copper Culture artifacts. These were personally found by Sam Wasion and were found in northern Wisconsin and Michigan. They range in time from approximately 6500-1500 BC. In this group are a number of ornamental artifacts including several pendants, a ring and several beads. The large item at the top is a pointed socketed spud. It measures 6” in length. Items like this are a mystery and there is no certainty as to what it was utilized for. The center curved knife is approximately 9” in length. Additionally, there are effigy artifacts, including a snake, turtle and bird, as well as several spear points, including socketed and sawtooth specimens.The curved piece on the right is rare sawtooth knife. The fishhooks range in size from 5/8” to 2 ½ ” in length. The center crescent knife is an extremely rare specimen. There are approximately 60 tiny punch marks across each surface, and the finder knows of no other known specimens that are decorated with such a design. Finally, there are several other artifact forms represented including a copper harpoon. It should be noted that many copper artifacts show extreme uniformity and quality, indicating a high degree of technological specialization in this culture. Collection of Sam Wasion, Flora, Illinois Photograph by Sam Wasion
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Letters to the Editor		115
Outstanding Members Honored		116
Kincaid Mounds	Norm Jepson	116
Some Thoughts on a Wisconsin Oneota Disc Pipe	Ray Fraser	117
The Woodland Period Clash of Cultures - Some New Ideas	Robert Moyer	119
Sweet’s Prairie	Carl R. Becker	121
A Bottleneck Benton from Illinois	Bill Clark	122
An Analysis of Chipped Stone Tools from the Lower Apalachicola River, Florida	Lawrence B. Cunningham	123
What Did the Native Americans Believe? A Model that Integrates Lifeways, Migrations and Values of the People Before Columbus	Scott Chandler	126
Reminiscing About Arrowhead Hunting	Bob Reeves	132
A Salado Human Effigy Axehead	Steve Campbell	133
Mortar Creek	Charlie Wagers	134
The Grey-Hardin Great Pipe	Doug Goodrum	135
Lightning Welk	Dr. Sandy B. Carter, Jr.	138
Book Reviews	Steven R. Cooper	141
The Grand Family Pipe	Dr. David A. Easterla	142
An Unusual Steatite Artifact	V. Gary Henry	144
Celts - The Ungrooved Axe	Ron Harris	145
A Look into Prehistoric Mississippian “Picture Writing”	Jack Green	149
Railroad Archaeology	Peter G. Murphy and Alice J. Murphy	155
Why Study Bones and Mummies	E.J. Neiburger	156
Archaeology and Artifacts	David H. Dye	163
Membership Application		164
Officers and Societies		165
Calendar of Events		168