Cumberland and the Northumberland Fluted Knife (NFK) Form Several years ago Jack Hranicky and I named and described the NFK form (Hranicky, 1994) from specimens I had in Pennsylvania and a couple specimens he had located in Virginia. T can see more of a likeness between these and the Cumberland points. Perhaps there is a relationship, yet until recently the NFK form had not been noted in the Cumberland home area of Tennessee/Kentucky or north into Michigan and Canada. Jack recently obtained what is probably an NFK from the Nashville, Tennessee, area. Recently I obtained a much battered and abused specimen from central New York, which extends the type into those areas. Previous to these two, specimens were known only from Virginia (2), New Jersey (1) and Pennsylvania (approx. 15-20) (Photos 4 and 5). The NFK is quite distinctive because of the full length flute(s) on one face and fine parallel flaking on the other face, which only occasionally has a minor flute. We believe them to be knives, as on several specimens the flute ended in an overshot termination which removed the point, which then was not reworked. Edges are often much used. The base is often angled as if to flute the second face and left that way. Basal or edge grinding is, however, not usually done. The question I tried to answer is: are these NFK's simply unfinished Cumberlands? I feel not. In the first place, Cumberlands, as noted, are on the scarce side among the fluted point types of the area. In fact, the NFKs are as numerous as, if not more so, than good Cumberland examples. Secondly, the thick cross section of the Cumberland is not present on NFKs, which are broader and flatter. It appears to me that attempting a flute on the unfluted face was unnecessary or too risky. Third, either the form has gone unreported in other areas, or the bulk of NFKs are indeed in Pennsylvania, eastern Pennsylvania to be precise, and are made from cherts local to that area jaspers, black cherts). Only two of those shown are outside of that area. So far I have to think these are an eastern Pennsylvania invention, but I'd like to hear from anyone who has an NFK and also from any one who has opinions on the NFK and Cumberland and any possible relationship between them. This examination of the Barnes point wasn't intended to be so lengthy, but it seemed appropriate to examine as many aspects as possible of the Cumberland 'Barnes situation. It also seems an appropriate time to introduce the NFK into the mix to raise questions and seek more input on all of these issues. I can be contacted at 245 Fairview Rd., Turbotville, Pennsylvania, 17772-9599E

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bowen, Jonathan E. 1995 Term inol Pleistocene Fluted Knife/ Spear Points From 18,000 Kilometer Portion of North I Central Ohio; 9000 BC. Sandusky valley Chapter, Archaeological Society of Ohio. Upper Sandusky.  Deller, D. Brian 1979 Paleo Indian Reconnaissance in the Counties of Lambton and Middlesex, Ontario. Ontono Archaeologist, No.32, Toronto, Canada. Deller, D. Brian & Ellis, Christopher 3. 1992 Thedford II. A Poleo Indian site in the Ausable River Watershed of Southwestern Ontario. Ellis, Chris T. and Ferres, Neal, Eds. 1990 The Archeology of Southern Ontario to AD 1650. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter OAS No.5. Fogelman, Gary L. 1983 Booklet No.1, Fluted Points. Pennsylvania Artifacts Series. Fogleman Publishing Co. Turbotville, Pennsylvania. 1997 Booklet No. lB Fluted Point Assemblages, Fluted Knives, Late Paleo. Pennsylvania Artifact Series. Fogelman Publishing Co. Turbotville Pa. 1997 Paleo Expose. 3 part series, IndianArtifact Magazine. Vole. 17-1 to 17-3. 1998-99  Plethora of Pennsylvania Fluted Points. 6 part series in Indian Artifact Magazine, Vol.14-2 to 15-3. Fogelman Publishing Co. Turbotville, Pa.  Gramly, R. M. 1997 A Note on a Cumberland (Barnes) Point Assemblages from Cosciusko County, Indiana. The Amateur Archaeologist, Special Issue. Hranicky Wm. Jack 1994 Middle Atlantic Projectile Point Typology end Nomenclature. Archaeology Society of Virginia, Special Publication Number 33. Courtland, VA.  Hyde, F. W. 1960 Mid-Ohio Paleo-Indian end Suggested Sequence of the Fluted Point Cultures. Pub. Series No.5 ,West Virginia Archaeological Society. Justice, Noel D. 1987 Stone Age Spear end Arrow Points of the Mid-continental and Coastal United States. Indiana University Press. Perino, Gregory 1985 Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol.1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, Oklahoma. 1991 Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol.11. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, Oklahoma. Prufer, Olaf 1960-64 Survey of Ohio Points, Nos. 1-2-3-4-5-7-8-9-10.  Prufer, Olaf and Baby, Raymond S. 1963 Paleo-Indians of Ohio. The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. Ritchie, wm. A. 1957 Traces of Early Man in the Northeast. New York State Museum and Science Services Bulletin No.358. Albany, New York. Storck, Peter L. 1997 The Fisher Site. Memoirs: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan No.30.